{"id":221162,"date":"2025-02-04T14:06:43","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T17:06:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/?page_id=221162"},"modified":"2025-02-04T14:06:43","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T17:06:43","slug":"sala-1-propriedades-do-determinante","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/sala-1-propriedades-do-determinante\/","title":{"rendered":"Sala 1 \u2013 Propriedades do Determinante"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"gree cb2d\" style=\"padding-left:30px; padding-right:30px;\">\n<p class=\"ti1 c2\" style=\"color: #4178a1;line-height:30px;margin:10px\">Propriedades do Determinante<\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:2px;background-color:#4178a1; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; border: 0 none\"\/>\n<hr style=\"height:1px;background-color:#4178a1; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p style=\"margin:20px;\">\n<p>    <strong>1) Matriz transposta<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex] e [tex]M^t[\/tex] sua transposta. Ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M = \\det M^t[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Repare que, se [tex]M=\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; -1 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 5 &#038; 2 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; -3 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex], ent\u00e3o [tex]M^t=\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; -4 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n-1 &#038; 5 &#038; -3 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 2 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p>Vamos calcular o determinante de cada uma das matrizes. Utilizando a regra de Sarrus, temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = 0-2+36+12-0-15 = 31[\/tex];<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M^t = 0+36-2+12-0-15 = 31[\/tex].<br \/>\nPortanto, [tex]\\det M = \\det M^t[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>2) Fila nula<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex], tal que esta possui uma fila (linha ou coluna) com todos os elementos iguais a [tex]0[\/tex]. Ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M =0[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nSuponhamos, sem perda de generalidade, que a linha [tex]i[\/tex] da matriz seja nula, ou seja,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{(i-1)1} &#038; a_{(i-1)2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{(i-1)n}\\\\<br \/>\n0 &#038; 0 &#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Aplicando o teorema de Laplace na fila nula, temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = 0\\cdot C_{i1}+0\\cdot C_{i2}+\\cdots +0\\cdot C_{in}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = 0}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Considere a matriz<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; 5 &#038; 7 &#038; 3 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n0 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n-9 &#038; 4 &#038; -8 &#038; 6 &#038; 2 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -1 &#038; 5 &#038; 0 &#038; -4 \\\\<br \/>\n6 &#038; 2 &#038; -7 &#038; 8 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex].<br \/>\nPela propriedade da fila nula, temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = 0[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>3) Multiplica\u00e7\u00e3o de uma fila por uma constante<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex]. Se multiplicarmos uma fila de [tex]M[\/tex] por uma constante [tex]k[\/tex] (obtendo uma matriz [tex]M'[\/tex]), ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M&#8217; = k\\cdot \\det M[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nSuponhamos, sem perda de generalidade, que a fila multiplicada pela constante, na matriz [tex]M[\/tex], tenha sido a coluna [tex]j[\/tex], ou seja,<br \/>\nse [tex]M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nj}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix},[\/tex]<br \/>\nent\u00e3o [tex]M&#8217; = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; ka_{1j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; ka_{2j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; ka_{nj}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\">Aplicando o teorema de Laplace na coluna [tex]j[\/tex], obtemos<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\">[tex]\\qquad \\det M&#8217; = ka_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+ka_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots +ka_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M&#8217; = k(a_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+a_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots +a_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj}).[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M&#8217; = k\\det M}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Considere as matrizes [tex]M=\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n6 &#038; 2 &#038; 9 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 7 &#038; 1 &#038; 5 \\\\<br \/>\n8 &#038; 0 &#038; -2 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 1 &#038; 5 &#038; -6 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex] e [tex]N=\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n6 &#038; 2 &#038; -27 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 7 &#038; -3 &#038; 5 \\\\<br \/>\n8 &#038; 0 &#038; 6 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 1 &#038; -15 &#038; -6 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]. Repare que a matriz [tex]N[\/tex] \u00e9 obtida multiplicando-se a coluna 3 da matriz [tex]M[\/tex] por [tex]-3[\/tex]. Portanto,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det N = -3\\det M[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>4) Troca de filas paralelas<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex]. Se trocarmos de posi\u00e7\u00e3o duas filas paralelas de [tex]M[\/tex], (obtendo uma matriz [tex]M'[\/tex]), ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M&#8217; = -\\det M[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Considere [tex]M=\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 &#038; -2 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n5 &#038; 0 &#038; -3 \\\\<br \/>\n-6 &#038; 2 &#038; 7 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex] e [tex]M&#8217; = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n5 &#038; 0 &#038; -3 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; -2 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n-6 &#038; 2 &#038; 7 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]. Se observarmos, [tex]M'[\/tex] \u00e9 obtida a partir de [tex]M[\/tex], trocando-se as duas primeiras linhas.<br \/>\nAgora, veja que<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = 0-36+40+6+70+0 = 80;[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M&#8217; = -70-0-6-40-0+36 = -80.[\/tex]<br \/>\nLogo, [tex]\\det M&#8217; = -\\det M[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>5) Filas paralelas iguais<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex]. Se [tex]M[\/tex] possui duas filas paralelas iguais, ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M = 0[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nSuponhamos, sem perda de generalidade, que as linhas [tex]i[\/tex] e [tex]j[\/tex] (com [tex]i\\lt j[\/tex]) da matriz sejam iguais, ou seja,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{i1} &#038; a_{i2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{in}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{j-11} &#038; a_{j-12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{j-1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{i1} &#038; a_{i2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{in}\\\\<br \/>\na_{j+11} &#038; a_{j+12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{j+1n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Trocando-se de posi\u00e7\u00e3o essas linhas iguais, obtemos uma matriz [tex]M'[\/tex], id\u00eantica \u00e0 matriz [tex]M[\/tex]. Pela propriedade 4),<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = -\\det M&#8217; = -\\det M[\/tex] (pois [tex]M&#8217; = M[\/tex])<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = -\\det M[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = 0}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Observe a matriz de ordem [tex]n=6[\/tex] abaixo:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; -5 &#038; 8 &#038; 3 &#038; -9 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; 3 &#038; -7 &#038; 2 &#038; -6 &#038; 5 \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; 9 &#038; 2 &#038; 6 &#038; 1 &#038; -8 \\\\<br \/>\n11 &#038; -14 &#038; 17 &#038; 12 &#038; 18 &#038; 13 \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; 9 &#038; 2 &#038; 6 &#038; 1 &#038; -8 \\\\<br \/>\n7 &#038; 10 &#038; 13 &#038; -8 &#038; 14 &#038; 9 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<br \/>\nComo voc\u00ea pode notar, as linhas 3 e 5 s\u00e3o iguais. Portanto, [tex]\\det M = 0[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p><strong>6) Filas paralelas proporcionais<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex]. Se [tex]M[\/tex] possui duas filas paralelas proporcionais, ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M = 0[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nSuponhamos, sem perda de generalidade, que as colunas [tex]i[\/tex] e [tex]j[\/tex] (com [tex]i\\lt j[\/tex]) da matriz sejam proporcionais, sendo a j-\u00e9sima coluna igual ao produto de uma constante [tex]k[\/tex] pela i-\u00e9sima coluna, conforme representado abaixo:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1i} &#038; \\cdots &#038;  a_{1j-1} &#038; k \\cdot a_{1i} &#038; a_{1j+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n} \\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2i} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2j-1} &#038; k \\cdot a_{2i} &#038; a_{2j+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n} \\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{ni} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nj-1} &#038; k \\cdot a_{ni} &#038; a_{nj+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn} \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Pela propriedade 3),<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = k\\cdot \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1i} &#038; \\cdots &#038;  a_{1j-1} &#038;  a_{1i} &#038; a_{1j+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n} \\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2i} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2j-1} &#038;  a_{2i} &#038; a_{2j+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n} \\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{ni} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nj-1} &#038; a_{ni} &#038; a_{nj+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn} \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Agora, podemos observar que, pela propriedade 5),<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1i} &#038; \\cdots &#038;  a_{1j-1} &#038;  a_{1i} &#038; a_{1j+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n} \\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2i} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2j-1} &#038;  a_{2i} &#038; a_{2j+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n} \\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{ni} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nj-1} &#038; a_{ni} &#038; a_{nj+1} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn} \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix} = 0[\/tex],<br \/>\npois a i-\u00e9sima linha \u00e9 igual \u00e0 j-\u00e9sima coluna.<\/p>\n<p>Portanto,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = k\\cdot 0[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = 0}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Observe a matriz de ordem [tex]n=5[\/tex] abaixo:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 &#038; 2 &#038; 3 &#038; 4 &#038; 5 \\\\<br \/>\n6 &#038; -3 &#038; 18 &#038; 48 &#038; -30 \\\\<br \/>\n-3 &#038; 8 &#038; -5 &#038; 7 &#038; -9 \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; -6 &#038; 8 &#038; -10 &#038; 12 \\\\<br \/>\n-2 &#038; 1 &#038; -6 &#038; -16 &#038; 10 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Como voc\u00ea pode notar, os elementos da segunda linha correspondem aos elementos da quinta linha multiplicados por [tex]-3[\/tex]. Portanto, [tex]\\det M = 0[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p><strong>7) Adi\u00e7\u00e3o de determinantes<\/strong><br \/>\nConsidere uma matriz [tex]M[\/tex] de ordem [tex]n[\/tex] qualquer, onde os elementos da j-\u00e9sima coluna possam ser escritos como a soma de dois termos, conforme segue:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; b_{1j}+c_{1j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; b_{2j}+c_{2j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; b_{nj}+c_{nj}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M = \\det B +\\det C[\/tex], onde <\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad B = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; b_{1j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; b_{2j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; b_{nj}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}\\;[\/tex] e [tex]\\;C = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; c_{1j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; c_{2j}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots &#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; c_{nj}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nVamos iniciar a verifica\u00e7\u00e3o da validade dessa propriedade aplicando o teorema de Laplace \u00e0 j-\u00e9sima coluna da matriz [tex]M[\/tex]. Assim,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{align}<br \/>\n\\det M &#038;= (b_{1j}+c_{1j})\\cdot C_{1j}+(b_{2j}+c_{2j})\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots +(b_{nj}+c_{nj})\\cdot C_{nj}\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= b_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+c_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+b_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+c_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots +b_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj}+c_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj}\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= (b_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+b_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots+b_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj})+(c_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+c_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots +c_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj}).<br \/>\n\\end{align}[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Vale lembrar que cada [tex]C_{ij}[\/tex] (com [tex]1\\leq i\\leq n[\/tex]) da express\u00e3o acima corresponde ao cofator do elemento que se encontra na i-\u00e9sima linha e j-\u00e9sima coluna  da matriz [tex]M[\/tex]; mas, como os elementos das demais linhas e colunas nas matrizes [tex]B[\/tex] e [tex]C[\/tex] s\u00e3o iguais aos da matriz [tex]M[\/tex], ent\u00e3o [tex]C_{ij}[\/tex] representa tamb\u00e9m o cofator do elemento que se encontra na i-\u00e9sima linha e j-\u00e9sima coluna das matrizes [tex]B[\/tex] e [tex]C[\/tex]. Portanto, retornando \u00e0 express\u00e3o do determinante de [tex]M[\/tex], temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = (b_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+b_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots+b_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj})+(c_{1j}\\cdot C_{1j}+c_{2j}\\cdot C_{2j}+\\cdots +c_{nj}\\cdot C_{nj})[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = \\det B+\\det C}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>A propriedade acima tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 v\u00e1lida para o caso em que os elementos de uma linha aparecem expressos como a soma de dois termos.<br \/>\nSua demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o consiste em usarmos a propriedade 1), e ent\u00e3o ca\u00edmos no caso anterior, que j\u00e1 foi demonstrado.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Se [tex]M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; 5 &#038; -2+1 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 6 &#038; 1+1 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; -2 &#038; 4-1 &#038; -5 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 0 &#038; 3+2 &#038; -1 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex], ent\u00e3o <\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad \\det M = \\det A+ \\det B[\/tex],<\/p>\n<p>onde <\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad A = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; 5 &#038; -2 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 6 &#038; 1 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; -2 &#038; 4 &#038; -5 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 0 &#038; 3 &#038; -1 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex] e [tex]B = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; 5 &#038; 1 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 6 &#038; 1 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; -2 &#038; -1 &#038; -5 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 0 &#038; 2 &#038; -1 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p>Antes de avan\u00e7armos para a pr\u00f3xima propriedade, \u00e9 importante entendermos o conceito de combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear de filas paralelas de uma matriz. Esse conceito nos permite expressar uma linha(ou coluna) da matriz como uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o ponderada das outras filas paralelas a ela. Em outras palavras, podemos representar uma linha (ou coluna) como uma &#8216;mistura&#8217; de outras linhas (ou colunas) da matriz. <\/p>\n<p>Considere a matriz<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n4 &#038; -2 &#038; 3 \\\\<br \/>\n-1 &#038; -1 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n5 &#038; -3 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p>Repare que os elementos da primeira coluna dessa matriz correspondem \u00e0 soma dos elementos da segunda e terceira colunas, multiplicadas por [tex]1[\/tex] e [tex]2[\/tex], respectivamente. Veja:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n4 \\\\<br \/>\n-1 \\\\<br \/>\n5 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix} = 1\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-2 \\\\<br \/>\n -1 \\\\<br \/>\n-3 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+2\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n3 \\\\<br \/>\n 0 \\\\<br \/>\n4 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}<br \/>\n[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p>Sempre que uma coluna (ou linha) de uma matriz puder ser representada em termos de outras colunas (ou linhas) da mesma matriz, conforme vimos acima, dizemos que tal coluna (ou linha) \u00e9 uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear dessas \u00faltimas.<\/p>\n<p>Seja [tex]M = (a_{ij})_{n\\times n}[\/tex] uma matriz quadrada de ordem [tex]n[\/tex]. Dizemos que a coluna [tex]c[\/tex] \u00e9 <strong>combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear<\/strong> das colunas [tex]c_1, c_2, \\cdots, c_m[\/tex], se existirem n\u00fameros reais [tex]k_1, k_2, \\cdots, k_m[\/tex], tais que os elementos da coluna [tex]c[\/tex] dessa matriz correspondem \u00e0 soma dos elementos das colunas [tex]c_1, c_2, \\cdots, c_m[\/tex], multiplicadas por [tex]k_1, k_2, \\cdots, k_m[\/tex], respectivamente, ou seja, se<\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix} = k_1\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c_1} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c_1}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc_1}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+k_2\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c_2} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c_2}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc_2}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+\\cdots +k_m\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c_m} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c_m}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc_m}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}<br \/>\n[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p>De maneira an\u00e1loga define-se combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear entre linhas de uma matriz. Assim, na matriz <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/imagem10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-212997\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/imagem10.png 1241w, https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/imagem10-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/imagem10-768x389.png 768w, https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/imagem10-1024x519.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1241px) 100vw, 1241px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>a linha [tex]l[\/tex] \u00e9 combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear das linhas [tex]l_1, l_2, \\cdots, l_m[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p>Agora que j\u00e1 conhecemos o conceito de combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear, podemos apresentar a propriedade 8.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8) Teorema da combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear<\/strong><br \/>\nSe uma matriz [tex]M[\/tex] de ordem [tex]n[\/tex] qualquer possui uma coluna (ou linha) como sendo combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear de outras colunas (ou linhas), ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M=0[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nIremos verificar a validade dessa propriedade para o caso em que uma coluna \u00e9 combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear de outras, mas a demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o para o caso em que uma linha \u00e9 combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear de outras \u00e9 inteiramente an\u00e1loga.<\/p>\n<p>Suponhamos, que a coluna [tex]c[\/tex] \u00e9 combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear das colunas [tex]c_1, c_2, \\cdots, c_m[\/tex]. Pelo que vimos anteriormente do conceito de combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear, existem constantes [tex]k_1, k_2, \\cdots, k_m[\/tex], tais que<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix} = k_1\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c_1} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c_1}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc_1}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+k_2\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c_2} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c_2}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc_2}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+\\cdots +k_m\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{1c_m} \\\\<br \/>\na_{2c_m}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots \\\\<br \/>\na_{nc_m}\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}<br \/>\n[\/tex],<br \/>\nou seja,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots&#038; a_{1c}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{1c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{1c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots&#038; a_{2c}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{2c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{2c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots&#038; \\vdots&#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots&#038;\\vdots&#038;\\ddots  &#038;\\vdots&#038; \\ddots  &#038;\\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots&#038; a_{nc}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nc_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{nc_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{nc_m}&#038;\\cdots&#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix},[\/tex]<br \/>\nonde <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\">[tex]a_{1c}  = k_1\\cdot a_{1c_1}+k_2\\cdot a_{1c_2}+\\cdots+k_m\\cdot a_{1c_m};[\/tex]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\">[tex]a_{2c}  = k_1\\cdot a_{2c_1}+k_2\\cdot a_{2c_2}+\\cdots+k_m\\cdot a_{2c_m};[\/tex]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\">[tex]\\hspace{8.5mm}\\vdots [\/tex]<\/span><\/p>\n<li>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\">[tex]a_{nc}  = k_1\\cdot a_{nc_1}+k_2\\cdot a_{nc_2}+\\cdots+k_m\\cdot a_{nc_m}.[\/tex]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nAssim, pela propriedade 7),<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{align}\\det M = &#038;\\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots&#038; a_{1c}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{1c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{1c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots&#038; a_{2c}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{2c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{2c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots&#038; \\vdots&#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots&#038;\\vdots&#038;\\ddots  &#038;\\vdots&#038; \\ddots  &#038;\\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots&#038; a_{nc}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nc_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{nc_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{nc_m}&#038;\\cdots&#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}\\\\<br \/>\n= &#038;\\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_1a_{1c_1}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{1c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{1c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_1a_{2c_1}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{2c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{2c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots&#038; \\vdots&#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots&#038;\\vdots&#038;\\ddots  &#038;\\vdots&#038; \\ddots  &#038;\\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_1a_{nc_1}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nc_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{nc_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{nc_m}&#038;\\cdots&#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;+ \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_2a_{1c_2}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{1c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{1c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_2a_{2c_2}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{2c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{2c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots&#038; \\vdots&#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots&#038;\\vdots&#038;\\ddots  &#038;\\vdots&#038; \\ddots  &#038;\\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_2a_{nc_2}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nc_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{nc_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{nc_m}&#038;\\cdots&#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;\\hspace{2mm}\\vdots\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;+ \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_ma_{1c_m}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{1c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{1c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{1c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_ma_{2c_m}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{2c_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{2c_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{2c_m}&#038; \\cdots  &#038;a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots&#038; \\vdots&#038;\\ddots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots&#038;\\vdots&#038;\\ddots  &#038;\\vdots&#038; \\ddots  &#038;\\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots&#038; k_ma_{nc_m}&#038;\\cdots &#038; a_{nc_1}&#038; \\cdots&#038;a_{nc_2}&#038;\\cdots  &#038;a_{nc_m}&#038;\\cdots&#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}.<br \/>\n\\end{align}[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Agora, pela propriedade 6), segue que<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = 0+0+\\cdots+0[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = 0}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/span>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Considere a matriz<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2 &#038; 1 &#038; 3 &#038; 3 &#038; 1 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n-1 &#038; 1 &#038; 2 &#038; 6 &#038; 1 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; 0 &#038; 1 &#038; 2 &#038; 1 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n-4 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; -3 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n5 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; -1 &#038; 0 &#038;0 \\\\<br \/>\n-2 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; -5 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Note que a terceira coluna \u00e9 uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o linear das colunas 2, 5 e 6. De fato, <\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\hspace{4mm}\\text{3\u00aa coluna} \\hspace{3.8mm}\\text{2\u00aa coluna}\\hspace{3.8mm} \\text{5\u00aa coluna}\\hspace{3.8mm} \\text{6\u00aa coluna}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n3 \\\\<br \/>\n2 \\\\<br \/>\n1\\\\<br \/>\n0 \\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix} = 1\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 \\\\<br \/>\n1 \\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n0 \\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+1\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 \\\\<br \/>\n1 \\\\<br \/>\n1\\\\<br \/>\n0 \\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}+1\\cdot \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 \\\\<br \/>\n0 \\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n0 \\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n0\\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Portanto,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = 0.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>A seguir apresentamos uma das propriedades mais importantes de determinantes, que \u00e9 o Teorema de Jacobi, uma contribui\u00e7\u00e3o marcante do renomado matem\u00e1tico alem\u00e3o Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1804 &#8211; 1851).<\/p>\n<p><strong>9) Teorema de Jacobi<\/strong><br \/>\nSeja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex]. Se adicionarmos a uma fila qualquer o produto de uma constante [tex]k[\/tex] por uma outra fila paralela, obtendo uma matriz [tex]M'[\/tex], ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M&#8217; = \\det M[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nIremos verificar a validade dessa propriedade para o caso em que as filas em quest\u00e3o s\u00e3o linhas da matriz, mas a demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o para o caso de serem colunas \u00e9 inteiramente an\u00e1loga.<br \/>\nSeja [tex]M = (a_{ij})_{n\\times n}[\/tex], e suponha que vamos adicionar \u00e0 q-\u00e9sima linha o produto de [tex]k[\/tex] pela p-\u00e9sima linha. Assim,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M&#8217; = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{p1} &#038; a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{q1}+k\\cdot a_{p1} &#038; a_{q2}+k\\cdot a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{qn}+k\\cdot a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Pela propriedade 7), temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M&#8217; = \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{p1} &#038; a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{q1} &#038; a_{q2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{qn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}+\\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{p1} &#038; a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\nk\\cdot a_{p1} &#038; k\\cdot a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; k\\cdot a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Agora, pela propriedade 6), temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{p1} &#038; a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\nk\\cdot a_{p1} &#038; k\\cdot a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; k\\cdot a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix} = 0. [\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Logo,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M&#8217; = \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; a_{12} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{1n}\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{2n}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{p1} &#038; a_{p2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{pn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{q1} &#038; a_{q2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{qn}\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix} +0[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M&#8217; = \\det M}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Considere as matrizes<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-2 &#038; 4 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -5 &#038; 2 \\\\<br \/>\n-1 &#038; 0 &#038; 6 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex] e [tex]M&#8217; = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-2 &#038; 4 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -5 &#038; 2 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -8 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}. [\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Observe que<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M&#8217; = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-2 &#038; 4 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -5 &#038; 2 \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -8 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix} = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n\\textcolor{blue}{-2} &#038; \\textcolor{magenta}{4} &#038; \\textcolor{teal}{1} \\\\<br \/>\n3 &#038; -5 &#038; 2 \\\\<br \/>\n-1-2\\cdot (\\textcolor{blue}{-2}) &#038; 0-2\\cdot \\textcolor{magenta}{4} &#038; 6-2\\cdot \\textcolor{teal}{1} \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex],<br \/>\nou seja, a matriz [tex]M'[\/tex] \u00e9 gerada a partir da matriz [tex]M[\/tex], adicionando-se \u00e0 terceira linha o produto de [tex]-2[\/tex] pela primeira linha.<\/p>\n<p>Logo, <\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad \\det M&#8217; = \\det M[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>10) Matriz triangular<\/strong><br \/>\nO determinante de uma matriz triangular \u00e9 o produto dos elementos da diagonal principal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px \">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<input  value=\"Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o\" style=\"cursor:pointer; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: 40px; background-color:#4178a1; font-size: 20px; font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; color: #FFFAFA;\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Exibir Demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o';}\"    type=\"button\" \/>    <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<div style=\"border: 1px dotted #4178a1; padding: 10px;padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px;  width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; \">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; color: #616161; line-height: 25px;\"><br \/>\nSuponhamos, sem perda de generalidade, que [tex]M[\/tex] seja uma matriz triangular inferior, ou seja, todos os elementos acima da diagonal principal s\u00e3o iguais a [tex]0[\/tex]. Dessa forma,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\na_{11} &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{21} &#038; a_{22} &#038; 0 &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{31} &#038; a_{32} &#038; a_{33} &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{41} &#038; a_{42} &#038; a_{43} &#038; a_{44}&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\n\\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\na_{n1} &#038; a_{n2} &#038; a_{n3} &#038; a_{n4}&#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Ao longo desta demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o, denotaremos por [tex]C_{ij}[\/tex] n\u00e3o necessariamente o cofator do elemento que se encontra na i-\u00e9sima linha e j-\u00e9sima coluna, mas sim o cofator do elemento [tex]a_{ij}[\/tex]. <\/p>\n<p>Aplicando o teorema de Laplace na primeira linha da matriz [tex]M[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = a_{11}\\cdot C_{11}+0\\cdot C_{12}+0\\cdot C_{13}+0\\cdot C_{14}+\\cdots+0\\cdot C_{1n}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = a_{11}\\cdot C_{11}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = a_{11}\\cdot(-1)^{1+1} D_{11}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = a_{11}\\cdot D_{11}},[\/tex]<br \/>\nonde<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{11} = \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{22} &#038; 0 &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{32} &#038; a_{33} &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{42} &#038; a_{43} &#038; a_{44}&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\n \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\n a_{n2} &#038; a_{n3} &#038; a_{n4}&#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Aplicando o teorema de Laplace na primeira linha da matriz representada em [tex]D_{11}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{11} = a_{22}\\cdot C_{22}+0\\cdot C_{23}+0\\cdot C_{24}+0\\cdot C_{25}+\\cdots+0\\cdot C_{2n}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{11} = a_{22}\\cdot C_{22}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Denotando por [tex]D_{22}[\/tex] o determinante da matriz representada em [tex]D_{11}[\/tex], retiradas a primeira linha e primeira coluna, ficamos com<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{11} = a_{22}\\cdot(-1)^{1+1} D_{22}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{D_{11} = a_{22}\\cdot D_{22}},[\/tex]<br \/>\nonde<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{22} = \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{33} &#038; 0 &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{43} &#038; a_{34} &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{53} &#038; a_{44} &#038; a_{44}&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\n \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\n a_{n3} &#038; a_{n4} &#038; a_{n5}&#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Mais uma vez, aplicando o teorema de Laplace na primeira linha da matriz representada em [tex]D_{22}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{22} = a_{33}\\cdot C_{33}+0\\cdot C_{34}+0\\cdot C_{35}+0\\cdot C_{36}+\\cdots+0\\cdot C_{3n}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{22} = a_{33}\\cdot C_{33}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Denotando por [tex]D_{33}[\/tex] o determinante da matriz representada em [tex]D_{22}[\/tex], retiradas a primeira linha e primeira coluna, ficamos com<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{22} = a_{33}\\cdot(-1)^{1+1} D_{33}[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{D_{22} = a_{33}\\cdot D_{33}},[\/tex]<br \/>\nonde<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad D_{33} = \\begin{vmatrix}<br \/>\na_{44} &#038; 0 &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{54} &#038; a_{55} &#038; 0&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\na_{64} &#038; a_{65} &#038; a_{66}&#038; \\cdots &#038; 0\\\\<br \/>\n \\vdots &#038; \\vdots &#038; \\vdots&#038; \\ddots &#038; \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\n a_{n4} &#038; a_{n5} &#038; a_{n6}&#038; \\cdots &#038; a_{nn}<br \/>\n\\end{vmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Continuando recursivamente esse processo de obten\u00e7\u00e3o de [tex]D_{mm}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{D_{n-2\\;n-2} = a_{n-1\\;n-1}\\cdot D_{n-1\\;n-1}}, [\/tex]<br \/>\ne ent\u00e3o<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{D_{n-1\\;n-1} = a_{nn}}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Substituindo umas nas outras as express\u00f5es destacadas ao longo da demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o, obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{align}\\det M &#038;= a_{11}\\cdot D_{11}\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= a_{11}\\cdot (a_{22}\\cdot D_{22})\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= a_{11}\\cdot a_{22}\\cdot (a_{33}\\cdot D_{33})\\\\<br \/>\n&#038; \\hspace{2.5mm} \\vdots\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= a_{11}\\cdot a_{22}\\cdot a_{33}\\cdot \\cdots \\cdot (a_{n-1\\;n-1}\\cdot D_{n-1\\;n-1})\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= a_{11}\\cdot a_{22}\\cdot a_{33}\\cdot \\cdots \\cdot a_{n-1\\;n-1}\\cdot a_{nn},<br \/>\n\\end{align}[\/tex]<br \/>\nou seja,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = a_{11}\\cdot a_{22}\\cdot a_{33}\\cdot \\cdots \\cdot a_{n-1\\;n-1}\\cdot a_{nn}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Logo, o determinante de uma matriz triangular \u00e9 o produto dos elementos da diagonal principal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Sendo a matriz<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad M = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-1 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n-2 &#038; 3 &#038; 0 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; -5 &#038; 6 &#038; 0 \\\\<br \/>\n-7 &#038; 8 &#038; -9 &#038; 10 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix},[\/tex]<br \/>\ntemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det M = -1\\cdot 3\\cdot 6\\cdot 10[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{\\det M = -180}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>A pr\u00f3xima propriedade se trata do Teorema de Binet, uma das contribui\u00e7\u00f5es mais significativas do renomado matem\u00e1tico franc\u00eas Jacques Philippe Marie Binet (1786 &#8211; 1856).<\/p>\n<p><strong>11) Teorema de Binet<\/strong><br \/>\nSe [tex]A[\/tex] e [tex]B[\/tex] s\u00e3o duas matrizes quaisquer de ordem [tex]n[\/tex], ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det (A\\cdot B) = (\\det A)\\cdot (\\det B)[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exemplo:<\/strong> Sendo [tex]A = \\begin{bmatrix} 2 &#038; -3 \\\\ 1 &#038; 4 \\end{bmatrix}[\/tex] e [tex]B = \\begin{bmatrix} -1 &#038; 5 \\\\ 3 &#038; -2 \\end{bmatrix}[\/tex], temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det A = 2\\cdot 4-(-3)\\cdot 1 = 11[\/tex]; e<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det B = (-1)\\cdot (-2)-5\\cdot 3 = -13.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Por outro lado,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad A\\cdot B =\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n2\\cdot (-1) + (-3)\\cdot 3 &#038; 2\\cdot 5 + (-3)\\cdot (-2) \\\\<br \/>\n1\\cdot (-1) + 4\\cdot 3 &#038; 1\\cdot 5 + 4\\cdot (-2) \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad A\\cdot B = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-2 &#8211; 9 &#038; 10 + 6 \\\\<br \/>\n-1 + 12 &#038; 5 &#8211; 8 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad A\\cdot B = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n-11 &#038; 16 \\\\<br \/>\n11 &#038; -3 \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>E ent\u00e3o,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det (A\\cdot B) = (-11)\\cdot (-3)-16\\cdot 11 = -143 = 11\\cdot (-13)=(\\det A)\\cdot (\\det B).[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Logo,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det (A\\cdot B) = (\\det A)\\cdot (\\det B)[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p>O teorema de Binet apresentado imediatamente acima \u00e9 v\u00e1lido para qualquer quantidade de matrizes. Assim, dadas [tex]n[\/tex] matrizes quadradas [tex]M_1, M_2, M_3, \\cdots, M_n[\/tex], temos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\det (M_1\\cdot M_2\\cdot M_3 \\cdots M_n)= (\\det M_1)\\cdot (\\det M_2)\\cdot (\\det M_3)\\cdots (\\det M_n).[\/tex]<\/p>\n<p>Agora que j\u00e1 apresentamos as propriedades fundamentais dos determinantes, avan\u00e7aremos para a Regra de Chi\u00f3. Esta regra, nomeada em homenagem ao matem\u00e1tico italiano Felice Chi\u00f2 (1813 &#8211; 1871), oferece um m\u00e9todo bastante \u00fatil para calcular determinantes de matrizes quadradas de ordem [tex]n\\geq 2[\/tex]. A import\u00e2ncia da regra de Chi\u00f3 est\u00e1 na sua simplicidade, proporcionando uma abordagem sistem\u00e1tica para resolver determinantes sem a necessidade de expans\u00e3o por cofatores. Vamos agora explorar os detalhes desta regra, bem como sua aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:40px;\">\n<hr style=\"height:2px;background-color:#4178a1;   margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; border: 0 none\"\/>\n<hr style=\"height:2px;background-color:#4178a1;   margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #4178a1; font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Equipe COM &#8211; OBMEP<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"fim\"><a title=\"Voltar.\" href=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/?page_id=221009&#038;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"color: #6495ED;\"><strong>Voltar para Sala Inicial<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:30px;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Propriedades do Determinante 1) Matriz transposta Seja [tex]M[\/tex] uma matriz de ordem [tex]n[\/tex] e [tex]M^t[\/tex] sua transposta. Ent\u00e3o [tex]\\det M = \\det M^t[\/tex]. Exemplo: Repare que, se [tex]M=\\begin{bmatrix} 2 &#038; -1 &#038; 3 \\\\ -4 &#038; 5 &#038; 2 \\\\ 1 &#038; -3 &#038; 0 \\\\ \\end{bmatrix}[\/tex], ent\u00e3o [tex]M^t=\\begin{bmatrix} 2 &#038; -4 &#038; 1 \\\\ &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/sala-1-propriedades-do-determinante\/\">Continue lendo<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":254,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-221162","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","nodate","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/254"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=221162"}],"version-history":[{"count":66,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":224314,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/221162\/revisions\/224314"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=221162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}