{"id":220504,"date":"2024-06-19T22:02:55","date_gmt":"2024-06-20T01:02:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/?page_id=220504"},"modified":"2024-06-19T22:02:55","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T01:02:55","slug":"a-problema-para-ajudar-na-escola-uma-sequencia-natural","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/a-problema-para-ajudar-na-escola-uma-sequencia-natural\/","title":{"rendered":"(A) Problema para ajudar na escola: Uma sequ\u00eancia natural"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ti3\"  style=\"text-align:center;\">Clique no bot\u00e3o abaixo para visualizar o problema.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;margin-top:10px;\">\n<input class=\"bo1 c1 cb13\" style=\"width:150px;\" value=\"Problema\" title=\"Clique aqui\" type=\"button\" onclick=    \"if(this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display != ''){this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = '';this.value = 'Ocultar';} else{this.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('div')[0].style.display = 'none'; this.value = 'Problema';}\" \/>  <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: none;\">\n<p style=\"margin:10px\">\n<div class=\"g1n\" style=\"line-height:25px;\">\n<p class=\"tit\" style=\"line-height:20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Problema<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size:12px;color:#0000FF\"> (A partir da 2\u00aa s\u00e9rie do E. M. &#8211; <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> N\u00edvel de dificuldade: Dif\u00edcil<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:1px; width:100%;background-color:#800000; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px;border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p>(Adaptado da <strong>Olimpiada Matem\u00e1tica Espa\u00f1ola<\/strong>-2000) Considere a sequ\u00eancia [tex]\\left(a_1,a_2,a_3, \\, \\cdots,  \\, a_{2019}, \\, \\cdots\\right) [\/tex] de n\u00fameros naturais assim definida:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\begin{cases}<br \/>\na_1=3\\\\<br \/>\na_{n+1} = a_n + a_n^2, \\text{ para } n \\gt 1<br \/>\n\\end{cases} \\,  \\,  \\, \\\\<br \/>\n \\,  \\, [\/tex].<br \/>\nDetermine os dois \u00faltimos algarismos do termo [tex]a_{2019}[\/tex] dessa sequ\u00eancia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:10px\">\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:40px\">\n<div class=\"g1n\" style=\"line-height:28px;\">\n<p class=\"tit\" style=\"line-height:30px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Solu\u00e7\u00e3o  <\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:1px; width:100%;background-color:#800000; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px;border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p>Vamos inicialmente calcular os primeiros termos da sequ\u00eancia definida no problema:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>O primeiro termo j\u00e1 est\u00e1 explicitamente definido: [tex]\\boxed{a_1=3}[\/tex].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A partir da f\u00f3rmula<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{n+1} = a_n + a_n^2 \\, [\/tex], [tex] \\qquad \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nvamos calcular alguns dos termos seguintes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Substituindo [tex]n=1[\/tex] em [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{1+1} = a_1 + a_1^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{2} = 3 + 3^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{a_{2}=12}. [\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>Substituindo [tex]n=2[\/tex] em [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{2+1} = a_2 + a_2^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{3} = 12 + 12^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{a_{3}=156}. [\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>Substituindo [tex]n=3[\/tex] em [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{3+1} = a_3 + a_3^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{4} = 156+ 156^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{a_{4}=24 \\, 492}. [\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>Substituindo [tex]n=4[\/tex] em [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex], obtemos<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{4+1} = a_4 + a_4^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{5} = 24492+ 24492^2 [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\boxed{a_{5}=599 \\, 882 \\, 556}. [\/tex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Com esses c\u00e1lculos iniciais, j\u00e1 podemos observar que:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>[tex]a_{2} = 3 + 3^2=3\\cdot(1+3)=\\boxed{3\\cdot 4} [\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>[tex]a_{3} = 12 + 12^2 =12\\cdot (1+12)=\\boxed{12\\cdot 13}[\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>[tex]a_{4} = 156+ 156^2=156\\cdot (1+156)=\\boxed{156 \\cdot 157}[\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>[tex]a_{5} = 24492+ 24492^2=24492\\cdot (1+24492)=\\boxed{24492\\cdot 24493}[\/tex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ou seja,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>[tex]\\boxed{a_{n+1}=a_n \\cdot \\left(a_n+1 \\right)}.[\/tex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>E essa observa\u00e7\u00e3o procede, j\u00e1 que<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad \\boxed{a_{n+1} = a_n + a_n^2=a_n\\left(1+a_n\\right)=a_n \\cdot \\left(a_n+1 \\right)}. \\qquad \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(ii)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nAnalisando os primeiros resultados<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>[tex]a_{2} = 12 [\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>[tex]a_{3} = 1\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>[tex]a_{4} = \\boxed{156 \\cdot 157}=24 \\, 4\\textcolor{blue}{92} [\/tex]<\/li>\n<li>[tex]a_{5} =599 \\, 882 \\, 5\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>parece que, a partir do terceiro termo, est\u00e1 surgindo um padr\u00e3o com rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos dois \u00faltimos algarismos dos termos da sequ\u00eancia: <strong>se um termo da sequ\u00eancia termina em [tex]\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex], o termo seguinte termina em [tex]\\textcolor{blue}{92}.[\/tex]<\/strong><br \/>\nSer\u00e1 que \u00e9 isso mesmo?<br \/>\n&#8211; Vamos investigar!<br \/>\n<strong>(1)<\/strong> Suponhamos que um termo [tex]a_m[\/tex] termine em [tex]\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex]. Assim, [tex]a_m[\/tex] \u00e9 da forma  [tex]a_m= 100k+ \\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex], para algum n\u00famero natural [tex]k.[\/tex]<br \/>\nCom isso, por [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(ii)}[\/tex], teremos que:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = a_m \\cdot \\left(a_m+1 \\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = (100k+ \\textcolor{red}{56}) \\cdot \\left( (100k+ \\textcolor{red}{56})+1 \\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = (100k+ 56) \\cdot \\left( 100k+ 57 \\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 10000k^2+5700k+5600k+3192[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 100\\left(100k^2+57k+56k\\right)+(3100+92)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 100\\left(100k^2+57k+56k+31\\right)+\\textcolor{blue}{92}.[\/tex]<br \/>\nSe [tex]t=100k^2+57k+56k+31[\/tex], ent\u00e3o<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 100t+\\textcolor{blue}{92}[\/tex], com [tex]t \\in \\mathbb{N}[\/tex],<br \/>\nou seja [tex]a_{m+1}[\/tex] termina de fato em  [tex]\\textcolor{blue}{92}.[\/tex]<br \/>\n<strong>(2)<\/strong> Suponhamos que um termo [tex]a_m[\/tex] termine em [tex]\\textcolor{blue}{92}[\/tex]. Assim, [tex]a_m[\/tex] \u00e9 da forma  [tex]a_m= 100k+ \\textcolor{blue}{92}[\/tex], para algum n\u00famero natural [tex]k.[\/tex]<br \/>\nCom isso, por [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(ii)}[\/tex], teremos que:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = a_m \\cdot \\left(a_m+1 \\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = (100k+ \\textcolor{blue}{92}) \\cdot \\left( (100k+ \\textcolor{blue}{92})+1 \\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = (100k+ 92) \\cdot \\left( 100k+ 93 \\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 10000k^2+9300k+9200k+8556[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 100\\left(100k^2+93k+92k\\right)+(8500+56)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 100\\left(100k^2+93k+92k+85\\right)+\\textcolor{red}{56}.[\/tex]<br \/>\nSe [tex]t=100k^2+93k+92k+85[\/tex], ent\u00e3o<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad a_{m+1} = 100t+\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex], com [tex]t \\in \\mathbb{N}[\/tex],<br \/>\nou seja [tex]a_{m+1}[\/tex] termina de fato em  [tex]\\textcolor{red}{56}.[\/tex]<br \/>\nPodemos ir al\u00e9m&#8230;<br \/>\nObserve que, como<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a_{3} = 1\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex], [tex]a_{4} = 24 \\, 4\\textcolor{blue}{92} [\/tex], [tex]a_{5}=599 \\, 882 \\, 5\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex],<br \/>\npor (1) e (2), podemos concluir que<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>termos da sequ\u00eancia com \u00edndices \u00edmpares terminam em [tex]\\textcolor{red}{56}[\/tex] <\/li>\n<li>termos da sequ\u00eancia com \u00edndices pares terminam em [tex]\\textcolor{blue}{92}.[\/tex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Portanto, como [tex]2019[\/tex] \u00e9 \u00edmpar,  os dois \u00faltimos algarismos do termo [tex]a_{2019}[\/tex] s\u00e3o [tex]\\textcolor{red}{56}.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:1px; width:100%;background-color:#800000; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 15px;border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p class=\"g2\" style=\"line-height:20px;\">Solu\u00e7\u00e3o elaborada pelos <strong>Moderadores do Blog<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:20px\">\n<table style=\" height:auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;width:640px;\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"bf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1001 alignright\" style=\"border: 0px;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/menino.jpg\" width=\"80\" height=\"115\" \/><\/td>\n<td class=\"bf\">\n<p class=\"fala\" style=\"width:520px;background-color: #FFF5EE; padding:10px; font-family: calibri; font-size: 13px;color: #1C1C1C; line-height: 20px; \"> Se for conveniente, voc\u00ea pode obter um arquivo PDF desta p\u00e1gina, com o problema e a solu\u00e7\u00e3o, clicando no bot\u00e3o abaixo.<br \/>\nVoc\u00ea pode abrir o arquivo diretamente no seu navegador (<em>Chrome<\/em>, <em>Edge<\/em>, <em>Firefox<\/em>, <em>Safari<\/em>, entre outros), mas tamb\u00e9m pode utilizar o software gratuito <em><strong>Adobe Acrobat Reader<\/strong><\/em>.<br \/>\nCaso o dispositivo que voc\u00ea est\u00e1 utilizando n\u00e3o tenha o <strong><em>Acrobat Reader<\/em><\/strong> instalado, \u00e9 s\u00f3 clicar <a href=\"http:\/\/get.adobe.com\/br\/reader\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>AQUI<\/strong><\/a> para fazer o download adequado ao seu dispositivo.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\" float:right;  width: 100px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center; border-style: dotted; border-color :#FFFAFA; border-width :thin; width:90px;  height:40px;  padding: 5px; background-color: #800000;\">\n<a href=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Uma-sequ\u00eancia-natural.pdf\" title=\" Arquivo PDF\" download=\"Clubes_ Uma sequ\u00eancia natural.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #FFFAFA; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Arquivo <\/strong><\/span><\/a>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Clique no bot\u00e3o abaixo para visualizar o problema. Problema (A partir da 2\u00aa s\u00e9rie do E. M. &#8211; N\u00edvel de dificuldade: Dif\u00edcil) (Adaptado da Olimpiada Matem\u00e1tica Espa\u00f1ola-2000) Considere a sequ\u00eancia [tex]\\left(a_1,a_2,a_3, \\, \\cdots, \\, a_{2019}, \\, \\cdots\\right) [\/tex] de n\u00fameros naturais assim definida: [tex]\\qquad \\begin{cases} a_1=3\\\\ a_{n+1} = a_n + a_n^2, \\text{ para } n &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/a-problema-para-ajudar-na-escola-uma-sequencia-natural\/\">Continue lendo<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-220504","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","nodate","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=220504"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":220505,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220504\/revisions\/220505"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=220504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}