{"id":151611,"date":"2020-05-11T20:35:57","date_gmt":"2020-05-11T23:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/?page_id=151611"},"modified":"2024-06-24T23:16:49","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T02:16:49","slug":"problema-para-ajudar-na-escola-soma-de-tres-inversos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/problema-para-ajudar-na-escola-soma-de-tres-inversos\/","title":{"rendered":".Problema para ajudar na escola: Soma de tr\u00eas inversos"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"g2\" ><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/?p=220792\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">&#9999; <span style=\"color:#A0522D;font-size:14px;\">Link do problema para dispositivos da <em>Apple<\/em>.<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"g1n\" style=\"line-height:28px;\">\n<p class=\"tit\"style=\"line-height:20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Problema<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size:12px;color:#0000FF\"> (A partir do 1\u00ba ano do E. M. &#8211; <span style=\"font-weight: normal;\"> N\u00edvel de dificuldade: Muito Dif\u00edcil<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:1px; width:100%;background-color:#800000; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px;border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p>(<strong>ONEM<\/strong>, 2011) Sejam [tex]a[\/tex], [tex]b[\/tex] e [tex]c[\/tex] n\u00fameros reais, distintos dois a dois, tais que <\/p>\n<p>[tex]\\qquad\\qquad a=\\sqrt[3]{1-4b-4c}[\/tex] ,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad b=\\sqrt[3]{1-4c-4a}[\/tex] ,<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad c=\\sqrt[3]{1-4a-4b}[\/tex] .<\/p>\n<p>Determinar o valor da soma [tex]\\,\\,\\dfrac{1}{a}+\\dfrac{1}{b}+\\dfrac{1}{c}[\/tex].<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:10px\">\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cb36 g1\" style=\"margin:40px;line-height:25px; width:80%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/menino.jpg\" style=\"border:none\"  alt=\"explicador_p\" width=\"80\" height=\"96\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1001\" \/> <\/p>\n<p class=\"c3 ti3\"style=\"line-height:20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\"> AJUDA<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:20px\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><strong> &#9999;<\/strong> <\/span> As <strong><em>Rela\u00e7\u00f5es de Girard<\/em><\/strong> para uma equa\u00e7\u00e3o c\u00fabica da forma [tex]\\boxed{x^3+kx^2+ lx+m=0}[\/tex] garantem que, se considerarmos que [tex]x_1[\/tex], [tex]x_2[\/tex] e [tex]x_3[\/tex] s\u00e3o as ra\u00edzes dessa equa\u00e7\u00e3o, ent\u00e3o:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad  \\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex] [tex]x_1+x_2+x_3=-k [\/tex];<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad  \\textcolor{#800000}{(ii)}[\/tex]  [tex] x_1\\cdot x_2+ x_1\\cdot x_3+ x_2\\cdot x_3=l [\/tex];<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad  \\textcolor{#800000}{(iiii)}[\/tex] [tex] x_1\\cdot x_2\\cdot x_3=-m[\/tex].<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><strong> &#9999;<\/strong> <\/span> Se [tex]A\\,[\/tex] e [tex]\\,B[\/tex] s\u00e3o n\u00fameros reais, ent\u00e3o:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad \\qquad  A^3-B^3=\\left(A-B\\right)\\left(A^2+AB+B^2\\right)[\/tex].\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"g1n\" style=\"line-height:30px;\">\n<p class=\"tit\"style=\"line-height:30px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">Solu\u00e7\u00e3o <\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:1px; width:100%;background-color:#800000; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px;border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p>Das duas primeiras igualdades dadas no problema segue que:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad a^3=1-4b-4c\\qquad [\/tex] e [tex]\\qquad b^3=1-4c-4a[\/tex],<br \/>\ndonde<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad a^3 &#8211; b^3=\\left(1-4b-4c\\right)-\\left(1-4c-4a\\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad a^3 &#8211; b^3=1-4b-4c-1+4c+4a[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad a^3 &#8211; b^3=4\\left(a-b \\right)[\/tex].<br \/>\nUtilizando a segunda <span class=\"c3\"><strong>AJUDA<\/strong><\/span>, prosseguimos um pouco mais:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\left(a-b\\right)\\left(a^2+ab+b^2\\right)=4\\left(a-b \\right)[\/tex].<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\left(a-b\\right)\\left(a^2+ab+b^2\\right)-4\\left(a-b \\right)=0[\/tex].<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\left(a-b\\right)\\left(a^2+ab+b^2-4\\right)=0\\,. \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nComo por hip\u00f3tese [tex]a[\/tex], [tex]b[\/tex] e [tex]c[\/tex] s\u00e3o n\u00fameros reais distintos dois a dois, particularmente, [tex]a-b\\ne 0[\/tex]. Logo, segue de [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(i)}[\/tex] que:<br \/>\n [tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\boxed{a^2+ab+b^2-4=0}\\,. \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(ii)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nVamos repetir os mesmos passos partindo, agora, da segunda e da terceira equa\u00e7\u00f5es dadas no problema. Iniciando, temos que:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad b^3=1-4c-4a\\qquad [\/tex] e [tex]\\qquad c^3=1-4a-4b[\/tex],<br \/>\ndonde<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad b^3 &#8211; c^3=\\left(1-4c-4a\\right)-\\left(1-4a-4b\\right)[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad b^3 &#8211; c^3=1-4c-4a-1+4a+4b[\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad b^3 &#8211; c^3=4\\left(b-c \\right)[\/tex].<br \/>\nUtilizando a segunda <span class=\"c3\"><strong>AJUDA<\/strong><\/span>, prosseguimos um pouco mais:<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\left(b-c\\right)\\left(b^2+bc+c^2\\right)=4\\left(b-c \\right)[\/tex].<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\left(b-c\\right)\\left(b^2+bc+c^2\\right)-4\\left(b-c \\right)=0[\/tex].<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\left(b-c\\right)\\left(b^2+bc+c^2-4\\right)=0\\,. \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(iii)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nComo [tex]b[\/tex] e [tex]c[\/tex] s\u00e3o n\u00fameros reais distintos, [tex]b-c\\ne 0[\/tex]. Logo, segue de [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(iii)}[\/tex] que:<br \/>\n [tex]\\qquad\\qquad \\boxed{b^2+bc+c^2-4=0}\\,. \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(iv)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nAgora, fazendo a diferen\u00e7a entre as igualdades [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(ii)}[\/tex] e [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(iv)}[\/tex], obtemos que:<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad a^2+ab+b^2-4-\\left(b^2+bc+c^2-4 \\right)=0[\/tex]<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad a^2+ab+b^2-4-b^2-bc-c^2+4=0[\/tex]<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad a^2+ab-bc-c^2=0[\/tex]<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad a^2+ab-bc-c^2+(ac-ac)=0[\/tex]<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad a^2+ab+ac-ac-bc-c^2=0[\/tex]<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad a\\left(a+b+c\\right)-c\\left(a+b+c\\right)=0[\/tex]<br \/>\n [tex]\\quad\\qquad \\left(a-c\\right)\\left(a+b+c\\right)=0\\,. \\qquad \\textcolor{#800000}{(v)}[\/tex]<br \/>\nComo [tex]a[\/tex] e [tex]c[\/tex] s\u00e3o n\u00fameros reais distintos, [tex]a-c\\ne 0[\/tex], donde conclu\u00edmos de [tex]\\textcolor{#800000}{(v)}[\/tex] que [tex]\\fcolorbox{red}{#ffffff}{$ a+b+c=0$}[\/tex].<br \/>\nUtilizando a rela\u00e7\u00e3o [tex]\\fcolorbox{red}{#ffffff}{$ a+b+c=0$}[\/tex] nas igualdades [tex]\\boxed{a^3=1-4b-4c}\\,[\/tex], [tex]\\,\\boxed{b^3=1-4c-4a}\\,[\/tex] e [tex]\\, \\boxed{c^3=1-4a-4b}[\/tex] obtemos que:<\/p>\n<table class=\"bf\" style=\"width:80%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto\">\n<tr class=\"bf\" >\n<td class=\"bf\" style=\"border-right:2px solid #800000\">\n[tex]\\qquad a^3=1-4\\left(b+c\\right) [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a^3=1+4a [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad a^3-4a-1=0 [\/tex]<\/td>\n<td class=\"bf\" style=\"border-right:2px solid #800000\">\n[tex]\\qquad b^3=1-4\\left(c+a\\right) [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad b^3=1+4b [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad b^3-4b-1=0 [\/tex]<\/td>\n<td class=\"bf\">\n[tex]\\qquad c^3=1-4\\left(a+b\\right) [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad c^3=1+4c [\/tex]<br \/>\n[tex]\\qquad c^3-4c-1=0 [\/tex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>As \u00faltimas igualdades de cada um dos tr\u00eas casos nos mostram que os n\u00fameros reais [tex]a[\/tex], [tex]b[\/tex] e [tex]c[\/tex]  s\u00e3o ra\u00edzes duas a duas  distintas da equa\u00e7\u00e3o [tex]X^3-4X-1=0.[\/tex]<br \/>\nAssim, pelas<strong><em> Rela\u00e7\u00f5es de Girard<\/em> <\/strong>para equa\u00e7\u00f5es c\u00fabicas, temos que:<br \/>\n[tex] \\qquad \\qquad ab+ ac+ bc=-4 \\quad [\/tex] e  [tex] \\qquad abc=1[\/tex],<br \/>\ndonde, finalmente, segue que:<br \/>\n [tex]\\qquad \\dfrac{1}{a}+\\dfrac{1}{b}+\\dfrac{1}{c}=\\dfrac{bc+ac+ab}{abc}=\\dfrac{ab+ac+bc}{abc}=\\dfrac{-4}{1}[\/tex],<br \/>\nou seja,   [tex]\\fcolorbox{black}{#eee0e5}{$\\dfrac{1}{a}+\\dfrac{1}{b}+\\dfrac{1}{c}=-4$}\\,.[\/tex]<\/p>\n<hr style=\"height:1px; width:100%;background-color:#800000; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 15px;border: 0 none\"\/>\n<p class=\"g2\" style=\"line-height:20px;\">Solu\u00e7\u00e3o elaborada pelos <strong>Moderadores do Blog<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:20px\">\n<table style=\" height:auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;width:640px;\">\n<tr>\n<td class=\"bf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1001 alignright\" style=\"border: 0px;\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/menino.jpg\" width=\"80\" height=\"115\" \/><\/td>\n<td class=\"bf\">\n<p class=\"fala\" style=\"width:520px;background-color: #FFF5EE; padding:10px; font-family: calibri; font-size: 13px;color: #1C1C1C; line-height: 20px; \"> Se for conveniente, voc\u00ea pode obter um arquivo PDF desta p\u00e1gina, com o problema e a solu\u00e7\u00e3o, clicando no bot\u00e3o abaixo.<br \/>\nVoc\u00ea pode abrir o arquivo diretamente no seu navegador (<em>Chrome<\/em>, <em>Edge<\/em>, <em>Firefox<\/em>, <em>Safari<\/em>, entre outros), mas tamb\u00e9m pode utilizar o software gratuito <em><strong>Adobe Acrobat Reader<\/strong><\/em>.<br \/>\nCaso o dispositivo que voc\u00ea est\u00e1 utilizando n\u00e3o tenha o <strong><em>Acrobat Reader<\/em><\/strong> instalado, \u00e9 s\u00f3 clicar <a href=\"http:\/\/get.adobe.com\/br\/reader\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>AQUI<\/strong><\/a> para fazer o download adequado ao seu dispositivo.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\" float:right;  width: 100px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center; border-style: dotted; border-color :#FFFAFA; border-width :thin; width:90px;  height:40px;  padding: 5px; background-color: #800000;\">\n<a href=\"http:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Soma-de-tr\u00eas-inversos.pdf\" title=\" Arquivo PDF\" download=\"Clubes_ Soma de tr\u00eas inversos.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #FFFAFA; font-family: georgia; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Arquivo <\/strong><\/span><\/a>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#9999; Link do problema para dispositivos da Apple. Problema (A partir do 1\u00ba ano do E. M. &#8211; N\u00edvel de dificuldade: Muito Dif\u00edcil) (ONEM, 2011) Sejam [tex]a[\/tex], [tex]b[\/tex] e [tex]c[\/tex] n\u00fameros reais, distintos dois a dois, tais que [tex]\\qquad\\qquad a=\\sqrt[3]{1-4b-4c}[\/tex] , [tex]\\qquad\\qquad b=\\sqrt[3]{1-4c-4a}[\/tex] , [tex]\\qquad \\qquad c=\\sqrt[3]{1-4a-4b}[\/tex] . Determinar o valor da soma [tex]\\,\\,\\dfrac{1}{a}+\\dfrac{1}{b}+\\dfrac{1}{c}[\/tex]. AJUDA &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/problema-para-ajudar-na-escola-soma-de-tres-inversos\/\">Continue lendo<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-151611","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","nodate","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/151611","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=151611"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/151611\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":220794,"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/151611\/revisions\/220794"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clubes.obmep.org.br\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=151611"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}